How magazines position their audience Essay

Most life style magazines position their audience by adopting a particular mode of address which is aimed to create a relationship between the magazine and it’s audience, for example the front cover of FHM (September 2003) includes the following cover lines: ‘Dress better than Becks’ ‘Mess with her head’ and ‘Biggest ever world sex survey’. These cover lines speak to the audience, which in this case would be men, by saying if you buy this magazine we will show you how to dress better than one of England’s top footballers. It identifies with the single male and how to get revenge on your ex it also invites them to be a part of the biggest ever sex survey, this reinforces the bond between the magazine and its audience and makes them feel a part of an exclusive club. The front cover of FHM (September 2003) attempts to hook its male audience by using an image, which represents female sexuality. The picture of a female celebrity in a provocative pose wearing just her underwear takes up most of the page. It is used to grab its audience’s attention on the basis of male and female attraction. The fact that it’s a celebrity means it’s not just anyone, its someone famous and the use of her first name means it is a more informal approach and helps the audience to feel closer to this sexy female. FHM is in competition with emap’s Loaded and GQ, which means that their front cover has to stand out above all the rest. FHM uses the exclusive photo shoot of Samia and the Biggest ever world sex survey to promote their magazine as better than any other. The ‘Exclusive’ shoot of Samia means this has not been done for any other magazine, just for the readers of FHM. The FHM title has been partially covered up by the main image, which suggests that the magazine is well established and no longer needs to show its full identity. The front cover of FHM has typical generic conventions of a male lifestyle magazine, such as the image of a sexy female, it mentions Becks and fashion which has intertextual links with football and has major sexual connotations with the promise of soft porn (Samia’s sexy shoot). It also includes inside stories on females and sex (girls on the sofa discuss cocks). The red writing adds to the sexy image as red is symbolic of love, lust and sex and it also helps the magazine to stand out. The FHM magazine fulfils the needs of diversion as it gives its audience the chance to escape from their daily routine through reading about more light-hearted matters such as sex, women and cars. It also fulfils the needs of personal relationships by offering companionship as it identifies with its male audience and helps them to feel a part of an exclusive social group. By using the cover lines Best of British, Mess With Her Head and the mention of Arnie (Arnold Schwarzenegger) it gives the audience personal identity and reinforces the norms and values of masculinity and manpower (Mc Quail, Blumer and Brown 1972). Male lifestyle magazines can be seen as stereotypical of men and male values. Using the front cover of FHM (September 2003) as an example, it suggests that men are only interested in sex, nude women, football and male dominance as most of the page is taken up by the half naked image of a woman. The features mentioned on the front cover are mainly to do with sex, cars and getting revenge on women. The FHM title is made up of the colours of the British flag and the caption Best of British. This can be seen as patriotic which also implies male dominance as Britain is a patriarchal society (male dominated) and therefore reinforces the idea of manpower. Male lifestyle magazines can also be seen to portray a bias ideology of women as most of the women in their magazines are very pretty, thin and sexy which assumes that all men who read these magazines are attracted to this type of woman. This is not always true of all men and therefore gives a false impression of the male expectations of women. This representation of women is also not necessarily the true reality of what most women look like and could be seen to pressurise women and men conform to this stereotypical expectation of the perfect woman. This would depend on how the specific audience of these magazines position themselves in relation to the text and whether they took the preferred reading and accepted this to be normal, negotiated what they thought and interpreted it how they chose to or opposed the reading totally and therefore this type of magazine may not appeal to them. (Stuart Hall).

On Seeing England for the First Time Essay

In this essay titled, On Seeing England for the First Time Jamaica Kincaid subtly argues that England’s vain dominating presence, produced from the common admiration for England, played a negative role in her life. Kincaid develops this claim of England by battling the reality of England versus her childhood idea of England. Since this is the beginning of her work not only is the purpose to entice the reader but to also inform them of the â€Å"reality† of England which conquered her lifestyle and inhibited her natural growing culture. Kincaid writes in a serious, somber tone for people who also feel dominated by England or another culture. Questions for Discussion: 1. What is ironic about the author’s words, â€Å"Seeing England for the First Time† is that in reality neither is she really looking at England nor is this her first encounter with England. The author is only looking at a map of England, not the people or lively culture. Also, the author descr ibes throughout the paragraphs the huge role of England in her life. Including the presence at her family breakfast table and most importantly the relationship between her father and his English hat. 2. In paragraph four Kincaid’s words, â€Å"I had long ago been conquered† refers to the huge and dominating role of England in her life. Where as the people in her life constantly regard England Jensen 2 as the highest of the high and the source of all final judgment in her life. The large presence and highly regarded culture of another country in her own land hinders Kincaid in a dominating way, making her feel unimportant and small. 3. The authors talks largely about the British influence in her life, especially in regard to marketable items. In paragraph two Kincaid talks about her family breakfast and the many foods which come from England. The most basic parts of her, her shoes, her clothes, and her father’s clothes all contain the words, â€Å"Made in England.† Questions on Rhetoric and Style: 1. The use of parallelism in Kincaid’s excerpt is prominent and helps argue her point of the beautiful versus ugly, or more specifically, the reality versus ideal part of Europe. For example, â€Å"England was a special jewel all right, and only special people got to wear it.† This lets the reader see England as a special place, but then author takes it back as a conceited statement. 2. The mutton simile produces an ungraceful image of England. However, when she retracts that same simile by saying, â€Å"It could not really look like anything so familiar†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this makes the reader question as to why she would compare England to something as brute and ungraceful as an animal leg and then retract it saying that mutton is too familiar. This produces a confusing image of a country that looks better than it really is. 3. The use of listing can be seen in paragraph two when talking about her breakfast and clothes. In this listing she talks without passion or a personal opinion which makes the reader stop and grabs their attention. The use of listing, since there is no passion, also gives it a somber tone and sort of power of knowledge.

The education implementation in Singapore

The authorities has made the fantastic growing in instruction by making many authorities aided and private establishment for universe broad instruction. Compulsory Educations ( CE ) for all childrens who are above the age four. This pays manner for quality instruction for Singapore. The Singapore authorities accepted CE in 1999.Apart from instruction the schools provide different curricular activities for the extra accomplishments. The cosmopolitan instructions to primary and secondary degrees. CE looked important and value for Singapore circumstance. Among 45, Singapore ranked 4th in instruction system ( Progress in international reading literacy survey, 2006 ) . MOE has made enormous procedure in instruction system. The Singapore instruction is most secured state for choice instruction around the universe, the authorities ( MOE ) has introduced many new structured for instruction system and got strong repute. In 2010 the one-year budget for instruction $ 9.7 billion, over 350 schools in primary, secondary and station secondary instruction. For quality educational system Singapore has been ranked 1st.The planetary partnership with the coaction of universities from worldwide are accepted by MOE. Singapore known for universes best executing school system.The instruction system in Singapore ‘s are adopted by the MOE that leads to the Singapore to universe category instruction. ( MOE ) The vigorous third instruction will pull international pupils to obtain occupations and wealth. Top institutes like NUS and NTU has founded effectual in regional repute ( eg ; NUS was rated as one of top 5 multi disciplinary university in Asia.This two establishment has the capableness of pulling the international pupils from abroad. This indicates the large pool universities which might increase Singapore part for international pupils market. Even so the attract of full fee giving international pupils entirely in the undergraduate and professional graduate student status ( eg: MBA Programmers ) merely non in research oriented postgraduate programmes. The universe category universities that could keep recession for featuring out universe category R & A ; D, this aid in branding Singapore corresponds a Chancellor of the Exchequer instruction hub. The present universities NUS, NTU and SMU these are the cardinal university subdivision, which creates Singapore ‘s regular endowment line for regional schools and offering good international instruction. The organisation of recent educational establishment and companies has given 22,000 new occupations, in this 13,000 aspires learning related and 9,000 aspires administrative, managerial. The investing in instruction of Singapore curves set up with old ages of schooling, with return to third instruction largely higher than non third instruction. The architecture of Singapore ‘s economic system builds high value to knowledge activities. The private returns to education scopes of 6-10 % . Proposed norm of private rate to return higher instruction ( higher than secondary ) is doubled the rate.19 % to private on versus 11 % for societal rate return in higher instruction. Polytechnic instruction has accomplished rate of return than secondary instruction, the rate of return to third instruction ( polytechnic and universities ) ciphering clip series information declined for past 2o old ages. Third instruction for completed universities degree increases the pay rate by 18 % over all that is diploma and above. The rates of return university arose in 2004 while comparing 2001 except postgraduate degree. The rate of return in station alumnus pupil at maestro degree has ris en varies from 19.5 % in 2001 to 23.1 % in 2004.Doctorate degree increased for first grade and Masterss degree. The return university has increased loosely in 2004 compared to 2001.Singapore Standard educational categorization ( SSEC ) , 2000.In engineering school and university degree they achieved award in highest reserve. By the CPE ( Council for private instruction ) has regulated the private instruction sectors gifted with legislative power. The local private instruction industry helps the capacity for development. The CPE made a function in developing private instruction industries, the attack of holistic addition the overall quality for private instruction participants. Among private instruction establishment the industrial leaders and associations has created strong civilization duty. In Dec 2009 private instruction act was visualized to registration model for the overseas of private instruction sectors. The sure and good regarded private instruction sector, the rise of pupil public assistance services has made private instruction sectors increases for the international pupils. The ICPE ( Integrity, Care, Professionalism and Excellence ) this should be undertaken by staffs in CPE for the overall development of pupils. The council has developed two strategies as ERF ( Enhanced Registration Framewo rk ) and choice confidence strategy known as EduTrust.The ERF strategy undertakes the private instruction establishment supplying classs in grade and sheepskin as full clip for taking award enfranchisement, by fall ining MOE the private instruction establishment chief watercourse schools offering fulltime predatory courses.EduTrust strategy has mentioned quality in certification for the private instruction institution.The celebrated private instruction sectors have the international attached universities to the Singapore establishment. Education aims to work with industry leader and association to make a strong civilization for duty among private instruction establishments. International Students can hold good instruction quality.Cost competitory is just for pupils to acquire universe category instruction quality when comparing UK, USA and Australia.Asia pacific regional hub for third institutions.Inter cross civilization applicable for international pupils in language.Region for top states to international pupils particularly China and India.Place for safe instruction to pupils from different countries.Apart from instruction the extracurricular activities attracted more international pupils. The deficiency of quality in linguistic communication pronunciation by professors and teachers.Accommodation deficit is affordable.The private bureau quality is assurable for students.Student base on balls is complicated to private establishment and schools.By pulling international pupils the private sectors has gained, so the deficiency of quality in instruction In higher instruction the planetary market is around US $ 30billonThe pupils from Asia is 45 % by top beginning countryThere is demand in growing to Asiatic pupils for quality in education.The GDP growing per capita ( % ) in 2001-2006 is 2.4Public disbursement on instruction ( % GDP ) in 2001-2006 is 3.7The third school registration ( % gross ) in 2001-2006 is 29.8 There is an chances to international pupils to take other countries.In Singapore the international pupils from private establishment do n't hold chances that lowers the value educationThe authorities concerted selling of host states to pull international pupils ( eg: US section of province ) .Quality abroad establishment perceived here ( US, UH and Canada ) .Invention of more figure of IT companies The Singapore authorities is bettering their concern in instruction and there is a demand for quality in instruction. Many private establishments are pulverizing their sectors in instruction field with offering degree certifications valid equal to universe category instruction. Singapore is best for higher instruction in universe because more Numberss of new reaching of foreign private sectors so the quality of higher instruction going low. The Singapore authorities taking their higher instruction in measure mode. In June 2o1o the Singapore authorities MOE ( ministry of instruction ) announced an S $ 850million ( us $ 628 ) contract for the standard ict operating environment ( soe ) for all authorities and authorities aided schools The Raffless instruction corporation steped in Singapore in 1990 this corporation has achieved about 17 colleges transversally the Asia pacific- Singapore, Malaysia, India, Australia, China, hong kong, Mongolia and Thailand. In 2004 Raffless entered their concern direction instruction sectors with geting of Hartford, the Raffless made in two group of college trade names as RafflesDesign and Hartford institutes.the Raffless frequently concentrate in design classs besides this they offer diplomas and degrees.the grade certified by universities of engineering and middlesex university for Masterss also.The instruction market in Singapore is little incomparison to the regional market and it is of import for Raffless instruction corporation to develop its footmark in the part to take advantage of the turning demand for instruction in Singapore. Raffles instruction corporation has made their growing demand for instruction, they are the best private instruction organisation for Singapore.man y awards won by their pupils in international competitions in different classs in course of study activities.they are the one of developed instruction corporation in Singapore In 1993 the stansfeild school of concern had began with offering London university for external grade programmes it include the Singapore institute of commercialism at now.stansfield function in English programme to fit the pupils from the school with skilled English so the pupils can make their grade programme at Singapore institute of commerce.In Singapore 40 pupil from China are analyzing at the SIC.The stansfield is acquiring bigger in Asia at market degree.This group build up their concern schools in India, China and Vietnam this is because the pupils from Asia can easy travel between these different colleges.This establishment construction is strong and so the pupils can make their first twelvemonth in China, their 2nd in India and their 3rd in Singapore. This group needs to supply more than grade so add value by offering more abroad exposure the Asians Pacific pupils prefer Singapore for third instruction by this group. Like Singapore, our programmes are geared towards assisting kids who graduate from abroad kindergartens to be good prepared and confident when they enter into states formal school system. ‘The Crestar instruction group focal point on younger kids ‘s to different course of study activities. They are supplying the preschool instruction, infant attention and pupil betterment services. Besides this kinder land runs ELFA preschool and kid attention Centre. These three trade names, kinder land, ELFA and the Crestar larning all have overseas at now. The Crestar other preschool trade name is ELFA, which has quality for larning to all, the school speech patterns on skill footing of Chinese linguistic communication which set up in2000, this group are more than 20 Centre ‘s in China and Singapore. The Centre ‘s gives support to educational programmes such instructions like how to utilize abacus, painting or originative writing.107 Centre ‘s with half already based outside Singapore. ‘CEG ( Crestar Education Group ) ‘s strength lies in its capableness to offer assorted preschool instruction service in course of study development, teacher preparation, Centre operation, franching and auxiliary enrichment programmes ‘ The group has sustained the maximal growing degree to universe market. These three establishment are top most superior in universe category universities ( WCU ) .The WCU is a deferral Centre ‘s to put to death the universe category R & A ; D carry over cognition to industry and Chancellor of the Exchequer to educational hub. NUS ( National University Of Singapore ) and NTU ( Nan yang Technological University ) , the establishment is host and competitory universities in Singapore. These two universities made their landmark for quality instruction. These two universities attempts in instruction have made Singapore ‘s instruction system democratic in universe market. The NTU and NSU growing rate is ( CAGR ) 8.3 % over 2000-2009.The MOE adopts the instruction systems to these universities. The authorities has decided to allow NUS and NTU independently has a ability by integrating net income companies same to SMU is greater run.Both NTU and NUS is one of the best manner for passing public fund in a manner of efficient has bond for rule greater an swerability. NUS has been ranked 18th among 200 universities in world.NUS has renowned in technology and IT universities placed 9th in the study of module ranking, celebrated universities. They had 14 modules and schools offering taking classs foremost and higher grades. They are one of best establishment for the international pupils to prosecute their sheepskin and grades in Singapore NTU in 2004 by the economic expert intelligence unit they have rated best in the universe for MBA pupils by the member economic expert group ranking.NTU was among universe ‘s top 100 MBA schools, for portion clip.This is a all right establishment for making polytechnic and other diploma.NTU made their superior 9th topographic point out of 39 universities in scientific discipline and engineering schools overall all right MBA schools 2000 class in Asia. Four colleges and two autonomy establishment is organized by NTU the colleges provide undergraduate and station alumnus SMU ( Singapore direction universities ) is undertaken by the private owned establishment formed as a mixture with Wharton schools of concern in universities of Pennsylvania.The University has junctions for establishment and schools. The concern schools, station alumnuss and besides double degree classs with jurisprudence are the familiar to this establishment. The under alumnus and station alumnus are widely preferred by the pupils. The university constructing up their construction for pulling international pupils. The grade classs and the extracurricular activities paying every bit good instruction systems. The SMU is private establishment which is adopted by the MOE.The celebrated Edu Trust certification has being provided by these establishments. These made the quality instruction good in Singapore. .NTU, NSU and SMU has the argument formats for holding their ain ideas to be shared in the argument conference made by this group

Nursing Profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Nursing Profession - Essay Example Before the foundation of modern nursing, nursing like services were done by nuns and military. The philosophy of nursing is reflected from the nature of then work and then thoughts. These philosophies have taken various forms personal philosophy, institutional philosophy and professional philosophy. "The conceptualizations of nursing that have developed and of late, variously called conceptual models, conceptual frameworks, theoretical frameworks and nursing theories, appear to resemble professional philosophies of nursing- a professional philosophy of nursing being one in which what is set down, providing a basis for nursing activity. However, the opinion that these conceptualizations are not philosophies of nursing has persisted and continues to persist, in nursing thought with only questioning of the validity of this claim." (Kikuchi, J F, 1994) The idea of conceptualization were introduced for the purpose of developing professional nursing practice and research. It tried to analyze matters as what is good to do and seek in nursing and what is the nature of nursing science . Nursing theories are a body of knowledge which is used to support nursing practice. Nurses derive their knowledge from experimental learning, from formal sources like nursing research. Nursing models are conceptual models, made up of theories and concepts which help nurses to assess, plan and implement patient care. A care plan is used in a model which is changed and evaluated on a daily basis according to the patient's condition and abilities change. The first theorist to coordinate a role of nursing distinct from medical profession was Florence Nightingale. Nightingale's model is based on the idea that Nurses manipulates the environment to provide and promote patient care. Nursing theories include 4 categories - Metatheory, grand theory, Middle theory and Practice theory. Some nursing models include Roy's model of nursing and Tidal model in Psychiatry, Casey's model in children, Nightingale's model, Roper, Logan & Tierney model in Adult nursing etc. Values laden theory and the fallacy of value free science A theoretical framework embedded in an underlying philosophy give strength to the theory as a guide to practice. Nurses frameworks have incorporated many values like caring respect for all persons and attentive presence into these conceptualizations and proportions. Values are fundamental constituents of human life. Evidence Based Practice Nursing has implemented, taught and studied and standardized Evidence based practice. Evidence based practice refers to the use of rigorously derived empirical findings especially as the basis for intervention and non intervention. Evidence based practice also involves ethical considerations and other dimensions of health. Nursing practice is intentional and deliberate, guided by nursing science and other sources of knowledge, performed by nurses. The practice is to benefit persons and society. However, the actions and behavior of persons change from moment to moment depending on interrelationships with persons, families and communities. Thus, nursing practice depends on the personal and professional values of the nurse. "The process of self-awareness compels nurses to examine their own value positions so these biases and prejudices are not projected onto others, and so nurses do not reject others who do not

Risk Management Overview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Risk Management Overview - Essay Example A business may not be able to run without all these basic activities and it is also likely to collapse. Business risks are usually categorized into two groups; systematic and unsystematic business risks. Systematic risk is where the economy generally experiences a downfall due to natural calamities floods and drought, political instability, recessions, inflation or even fluctuation in currencies. Any business operating under the same economy is bound to fail or make more losses than profits (Akhter, 2010). Unsystematic risk is where a specific section of the economy or industry fails unlike systematic where it’s the overall market (Sensarma and Jayadev, 2009). The common way of counter attacking this is to employ diversification. Business risks are further categorized into strategic, compliance, financial and operational. Strategic is where there is new competition in the market, compliance is where a certain business is responding to new terms and regulations that have been n ewly put in place to run businesses. Additionally financial business risk is where for instance several customers are unable to pay back to the business and operational business risk is when for example there is burglary to the business (Akhter, 2010). The banking as an industry has risks associated with it. One of them is aggressive and almost philanthropic lending of loans to clients and selling the loans to other financial institutions and hoping to run entirely on the interest generated from it, usually with an aim of maximizing profit (Akhter, 2010). This becomes a risk when the economy collapses, experiences inflation or recession because with that, comes an automatic delay in loan servicing and sometimes the money given out looses its value with time because of currency fluctuation. Most banks are involved in lending. This involves a bank client giving a security pledge to a bank that they are able to pay back or service their loans fully. It is usually called collateral. It can be land, car or a house (Sensarma and Jayadev, 2009). In order to maximize their profit and returns, banks have increased their interest rates. This poses such a risk to the banking system because with increased interest rates comes with an exponential reduction in lending activities. This is because not so many clients are wiling or able to pay for a higher than normal interest rates, so they don’t take loans all the same. This creates a financial confusion which the bank has to solve lest it collapses completely (Devine, 2006). To solve this, banks have to lower their lending standards and attracting more clients by using new in the market methods. Liquidity risk is a type of risk that results from the unavailability of a proper market for an investment that cannot be sold fast enough in order to counter attack a foreseen loss (Akhter, 2010). Banks have severally taken houses or antiques as collateral from clients. When the clients are not able to service these loans on time the banks decide to sell these collateral. Antique is one of the hardest items to sell in the markets because not so many people know their value and there is never ready market for them (Breeden and Whisker, 2010). Many banks suffer loss before recovery before selling such products and may never sell it completely leading a major loss. Liquidity risk therefore leads to a situation where the banking institution is unable to meet it objectives or profit

Management of International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management of International Business - Essay Example The role of private capital cannot be neglected as far as the economic development of a country is concerned. Shell is the most influential or biggest oil company in the world. They are one among the bests as far as the commitments to social responsibility are concerned. Apart from one or two incidents, Shell behaved ethically and demonstrated their social commitments in most of the times. They promise less and deliver more. Germany is one among the most influential countries in the world as far as economic growth and size are concerned. After the unification of the Germanys, the unified Germany is more stable politically and economically. Germans are keener in giving more humanitarian look to their economy and hence they will never allow any companies to function in their soil against the will of the public. Shell can operate or expand in German soil if they are able to implement business strategies suitable to the German culture and tradition. This paper analyses corporate social r esponsibility commitments of Shell Company and their future prospects and growth potentials in Germany. Introduction â€Å"Royal Dutch/Shell Group of Companies is one of the largest global groups of energy and petrochemicals companies with around 101,000 employees in more than  90 countries and territories† (About Shell, n. d). ... Germany is one of the prominent countries in the Europe. After the unification of West and East Germanys in 1989, unified Germany has attained a significant role in international arena. The Hitler era is over and the current Germans are keener in working for the growth of their nation rather than expanding their nation to different territories. In other words, Germany is a good place for investments at present because of the better political and economical climates. Organizations which are ready to obey their international obligations can select Germany as a safe place for investments at present. Germans value socially committed organizations very much and they consider the track records of organizations with respect to social responsibility, while purchasing something. Corporate social responsibility of Shell Kotler and Lee (2004) have pointed out that CSR is the â€Å"commitment to improve community well-being through discretionary business practices and contributions of the corpo rate resources† (Kotler &Lee, 2004, p.3). Most of the Shell companies are operating independently in each of the countries, by the people who know the needs of the community and the environment well. They have the authority and autonomy to make all normal business decisions (Nehring, 2002).One of the major success factors of Shell Company is their respect to the community in which they operate. While most of the competitors concentrate only on reaping the profits, Shell is keener in spending a portion of their profit for the wellbeing of the society or community in which it operates. They are giving more emphasize to the environmental protection and hence no major

Destination Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Destination Analysis - Essay Example There are shopping areas like; MBK (Mahboonkrong) on Phayathai Road; Siam Paragon on Rama I. Road; Central World on Ratchadamri Road; the Platinum Mall on Petchaburi Road; and the Esplanade on Ratchadapisek Road. There are several other malls that cater to the busy streets of Bangkok, day-in and day-out, from early hours till late night. What makes the shopping experience such a hit with the foreigners specially is because of the economic condition of Thailand, as one United States dollar is equivalent to almost thirty Thailand Baht. This city is a key part of the Asian economic core, and most of the countrys banks and multi-national corporations are based here. Also the Stock Exchange of Thailand is located in this city. Tourism is also a major source of income. Bangkok is a world-famous travel destination. Millions of tourists travel to this city annually. Tourists are attracted mostly by the culture, large number of temples and a favorable exchange rate with the Thailand Baht. Bangkok has many elevated highways and newly built intersections to cater to the traffic jams, as private vehicle usage continues to surpass the development of infrastructure there. To avoid the traffic jams, one can opt for the â€Å"express way†, which connects most road networks in Bangkok to one another. This highway can also take the people to a few of the outskirts of Bangkok, like the Suvamabhumi International Airport. The Bangkok Mass Transit Authority (BMTA) provides regular bus service to Bangkok as well as five surrounding provinces of Northaburi, Samut Prakan, Pathum Thani, Nakhon Pathom, and Samut Sakhon (Ieda, 2010), continuously on some routes. The buses are in large number and very cheap too, with the minimum fare, of non-air-conditioned buses, reaching to around 7 Thailand Baht, to many metropolitan destinations within Bangkok. There are many taxis that roam around Bangkok. They are metered, with a fixed starting rate, and also charge waiting time

Researched Essay Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Researched Essay Assignment - Research Paper Example Through his wide knowledge and royal connections, he was able to design clothes for popular individuals, which made his designed become increasing famous and create a class in his works (Carroll 150). During this period, the dresses, which were worn by individuals, and the materials utilised in making the accessories which they wore, defined a social class which an individual belonged to. The queen of France developed elaborate gowns that she used to create her persona during the 19th century. The aspects of creating a persona through dressing and accessories resulted in individuals wishing to connect to the queen by adopting similar dressing codes. These gowns became the cultural norm for the women of higher social class in France during the early 19th century. Through the fashion, the queen was able to articulate herself and set precedence for other monarchs, which were relatively common during that period. It became increasingly popular for monarchs to have an official dress code, which mainly resulted from common fashions. Paris has been highly associated with fashion because of the early development in fashion within the city. Fashion magazines from different countries commonly sent editors to fashion shows in Paris and the fashion stores in order to gather materials, for writing about fashion. Many people commonly seem to copy the well, developed designs that have been established and Paris offered exquisite designs of many products ranging from clothing, shoes and even ornaments. The spread of French fashion was enhanced through these magazines, which individuals in other parts of the world relied on to make decisions regarding fashion products. As the popularity of fashion magazines increased, many of them began including photographs which became influential on the future designs adopted in different regions of the world. The magazines were greatly sought after and had a noteworthy consequence on

Management and change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management and change - Essay Example Since other workers are part of the organisation, their views are also important in the change process (Marglin, 1974). However, the management may decide to use an approach that does not involve other workers in the decision-making process. Consequently, other workers may feel short-changed, and this affects negatively on employee involvement. In essence, the approach that the change agent uses in implementing new ideas in an organisation also has an impact on the overall performance. Most organisations tend to fail in terms of implementing new changes due to applying an unpopular approach. On the other hand, an ideal approach for implementing changes in an organisation should consider all issues that are pertinent to an organisation (Marglin, 1974). In this regard, a rational or technical approach is ideal for situations where the decision-making process involves consideration of different alternatives. A rational approach entails a systematic process where the management in additi on to relying on their skills and experience, considers various issues prior to implementing organisational change (Marglin, 1974). This paper explores the strengths and limitations of a rational-technical approach towards managing change. In a rational-technical approach to managing change in an organisation, the change agent considers a number of factors that can influence the change process (Knights & McCabe, 2003). Such factors include skills and experience of the manager or leader, the demands by followers and the prevailing situation in an organisation. With regard to skills and experience of a manager or a leader, a rational-technical approach requires the change agent to have knowledge of how an organisation operates. For instance, the manager needs to understand the environment that the organisation operates, vision and goals of the organisation, systems in the organisation, the change plan and

Relativism and Morality Essay Example for Free

Relativism and Morality Essay There are moral choices made on a daily basis, no matter the culture or race, people make these types of choices. The moral choices we make based on our cultures can be viewed on a scale of right and wrong by other cultures. In the writing of â€Å"Some Moral Minima†, Lenn E. Goodman views several aspects of morality and relativism, and argues that certain things are just wrong. I must say that I agree with her when she says some things are just wrong, and in this paper I will state my opinions on some of the challenges Goodman presents to relativism. The first topic I am going to speak on is terrorism. In the article â€Å"Some Moral Minima,† Goodman asked the question why is terrorism wrong. Of course I think that terrorism is wrong. There are so many reasons that we the people that terrorism wrong and that it should be against the law. â€Å"Terrorism is willful targeting of non-combatants, aiming to intimidate and attract attention. It is a war crime, since war, if just at all, seeks only to block an enemy’s ability to make war. † (Goodman,2010) No one should be targeted because of a war that is happening, killing innocent people just because of their race, or because of their culture. According to Goodman, â€Å"Terrorism today is a manufactured claim to authority and authenticity, ethnic or regional autonomy, or the imposition of Shari ’ a law and haqq penalties on diverse and diversely inclined populations. † (Goodman,2010) Other than the topic I just finished discussing, Goodman also addressed more areas in her articles. Just to mention a few, she discussed, (1) hostage taking and child warriors, (2) Slavery, Polygamy, and Incest, (3) Rape and female genital cutting , and (4) genocide, politically induced famine, and germ warfare. These areas that she discussed are some major problems areas for many nations and cultures around the world. I am going to discuss these areas more in depth beginning with genocide, politically induced famine, and germ warfare. If you are like me I really did not know what the term genocides meant. I had to look up the word and came to the conclusion that genocides mean that violent crimes committed against groups with the intent to destroy the existence of the group. While discussing genocides, Goodman asked the question, â€Å"Why is genocide uglier than murder? † She also answered the question by saying that, â€Å"The answer lies in the intent, not just the scale of the crime. Clearly, more dreams are broken and more futures cut short when more lives are taken. But genocide targets individuals as members of a group, seeking to destroy a race, a culture, a linguistic or ethnic identity, even a class. † I agree with Goodman because I do not think it is up to us to determine whether a group or a specific individual should not be in existence. We do not have the right to kill people because of the group they belong to or because of their beliefs. I think we all were put on this earth for a purpose and a reason and it is not up to man to kill off the group members or destroy a race or culture. Even though it is happening around the world, I do not think that it should. That’s why I solely agree with Goodman on the things she said concerning this topic. Genocide, politically induced famine, and germ warfare are acts of murder and murder is wrong because it is the destroying of a human subject. A right that human beings have is to be alive and to live at our own free will. The next issue I am going to touch basis on is rape and female genital cutting. Rapes happen every day, not only are females but males are raped as well, but it happens more to the female population. Rape is a violation of another person’s will. A person does not have to be touched to be raped and there is more than one kind of rape. Even though I feel all cases of rape are bad, but in my opinion statutory rape is the worst. To harm a young person that has no power to stop their predator is just plain sad. Rape is wrong because it stands at the extreme limit of a continuum of sexual acts, from the most committed to the least so, and the most alienating. Rape is exploitative, objectifying, and, yes, again violative. (Goodman,2010) The last issue I am going to address is slavery, polygamy, and incest. Theses last acts are very bad and may be the worst in my book. Slavery is an issue that I really hate to discuss because as I have done plenty of research I would find myself in tears due to some of my findings. But slavery keeps its victim alive while stripping her of agency, assigning it to others who do not share her projects, hopes, or interests, but subordinate her capabilities to their wants. (Goodman,2010) I think beating people and discriminating against them because of the color of their skin is a very cruel act that should have never happened. Then there is polygamy. I do not like to talk about other cultures but I think polygamy is wrong as well. I think a marriage should have only two members and no more. Being married to more than one person should not be allowed no matter what culture you come from. The bible says that, â€Å"Whoso findeth a wife findeth a good thing† (Proverbs 18:22) not whoso findeth many wives or husbands. Again I say I do not think that polygamy should not be happening. In conclusion to this paper, I think that Lenn E. Goodman made some very good points in her article, â€Å"Some Moral Minima†. I can conclude this paper by saying that I agree with her opinions and I think that this article was very helpful. References Mosser, K. (2010). Introduction to ethics and social responsibility. San Diego, Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Goodman, L. E. (2010). Some moral minima. The Good Society, 19(1), 87-94. Retrieved from the EBSCO Host database in the Ashford Online Library Proverbs 18:22 King James Version.

Influence Taylor’s Scientific Management Theory

Influence Taylor’s Scientific Management Theory Introduction The modern world has been marked by specialized management that is characterized by effective planning methods in order to attain certain objectives, division of labor which has served to increase specializations and innovations in work places, and a formalized interaction between the employees and their managers in their work places. These formal manifestations can be attributed to the twentieth century from the works of Taylor who came up with the concepts of scientific management. Taylor has been accorded the legacy as the founder of scientific management principles. He was a mechanical engineer and his works served to provide efficiency in the management of industries which at the time had no formal management and were characterized by various anomalies (Taylor, 1911, p.64). The workers came up with their own decisions on how the tasks were going to be accomplished in the factories. This was however changed by Taylor through development of scientific management. He sought to impr ove the workers productivity in their areas of work. At various times he was criticized for destroying the workers morale and turning them into machines. This went to an extent of workers downing their tools at Watertown Arsenal which led to the House of Representatives Committee conducting an investigation into his works so as to establish the truth. It was concluded that his concepts of scientific management were a good tool for the management of organizations but at the same time offered the managers with increased power which had no checks and balances. This led to the ban of his concepts of scientific management by the Senate at that time. This was after a survey showing that his methods received a high level of hatred from the working population. The survey showed that scientific management did not put into consideration the workers social needs in their areas of work and it failed to appreciate the differences that existed between the working populations in any industry. In addition, the scientific management concepts viewed the workers as ignorant and therefore did not take into consideration their contributions in terms of work related suggestions and ideas (Taylor, 1911, p.65). However, after various improvements into these concepts it has come to be productive in the present day running of organizations. This essay discusses the Taylors scientific management and how it has influenced the modern day business practices. Historical origins of scientific management The 19th century factory system manifested itself in lack of formal management, unofficial relations among the workers and even with their employers and casual jobs with no formal arrangements where the leader just hired a group of men in the industries and could fire them if he deemed it fit due to their inability to work or for not following his directions. A need arose by the late decade of the 19th century as competitions between different factories went into the rise, emergence of improved technologies in the factories and formations of trade unions that pressurized the factories to improve the working conditions of workers in the factories or risk industrial actions against them. The government had also realized the efforts in the factories and wanted to reap maximum benefits (Taylor, 1911, p.12). This therefore called for improvements in the organization and management of these institutions. This was the period that Taylor established himself with his novel ideas of organizati onal management and various technical innovations. For instance, he devised a stopwatch that was used for timing the workers during the working hours so as to determine their best possible times. Taylor had a brief career in engineering after which he went into consultancy services for various industries. He vigorously advocated the application of systematic management by the factory managers (Taylor, 1911, p.17). He introduced time studies to measure the workers performance, piece-rate systems that served to instill obedience in the workers and other production systems that provided the managers with the capability of knowing what was happening on the ground. He diffused his thoughts and coined the term scientific management which was somehow metaphorical. He proposed that he had invented principles of management that could be applied universally to replace what was known as the rule of thumb methods. His book became a success and was embraced by many during those times. This period of development of scientific management became known as the progressive era in the US (1890-1920). It was a period that had many reforms which were meant to overcome the problems that had been cr eated by the just ended industrial revolution. This era also experienced its problems. Among them was; lack of formal training for the business leaders in ways of running the day to day activities of their institutions and workers performed their duties due to internal fears of imminent job losses as a result an increase in the industrial out put or due to inefficient management systems in the organizations (Taylor, 1911, p.4). This resulted to poor relationships between the workers and their employers which ultimately caused a reduction in the efficiency in the industries. The then president of the US, Roosevelt even went further to call on the factories to increase their efficiency in production so as to be at par or ahe3ad with other competing nations. This ultimately led to emergence of the scientific management movement. Taylor and scientific management movement After his works at Philadelphia, Taylor moved to Bethlehem Company which dealt with steel and continued exploring his ideas. He was not alone in proposing the scientific management but there were other players who set in to streamline the concepts. For instance, according to Shenhav (1999, p. 94), there was Brandeis who was an attorney and later became a Supreme Court justice. Later there were others like Frank and Gilbreth who were able to conduct studies on the human motion while doing work with an intention of finding ways that could add to increase workers efficiency during working hours. Taylors principles of scientific management After systematic analysis of his experimental works, Taylor came up with four principles which lay the foundation for scientific management. The first involved finding an alternative method to take over the rule of thumb practices of management. The alternative was to be scientific and would provide a chance for the managers to be in a position to analyze the problem facing management in their organizations. The use of a scientific approach was to put into use the systematic experiments. He believed the application of these experiments would come up with a solution to the problems faced in management and during the process of production. According to Locke (1982, p.50), Taylor has received acclaimed fame for his ideas that a scientific approach can be applied in the process of managerial decision making. The second principle involved scientifically selecting, offering training sessions and providing work development to each worker. This was as opposed to the former methods that invol ved disorganized management and leaving the workers to rule themselves as well as train themselves on various duties in the factories. By application of this principle, Taylor noted that the highly qualified person will occupy the top positions in the organizations and thus will lead the others in a systematic and efficient manner. By application of systematic management, a payment system was developed that considered the amount of output the worker had as well as the workers efficiency in production of quality goods and services. This principle increased efficiency in work places and improved the system of management. The third principle involved the managers developing formal working relations through establishing teamwork to ensure that the methods developed scientifically were being adhered to by the work force. To develop this principle, Taylor measured the workers performance with stop watch and motion studies in order to come up with an efficient process that would lead to accomplishments of the work tasks in good time. His experiments were crucial in determining the quantity of work that a hard working man c ould perform in a day (Taylor, 1911, p.23). This was to do away with the tendency of workers to perform their duties slowly in the factories. His experiments would indicate the standards that are to be achieved by the workers so as to increase performance. The fourth and final principle involved ensuring equal division of work between managers and their employees. By so doing, the managers would utilize the principles of scientific management in the planning of duties in their organizations while the workers on their side would actualize the duties in a timely manner. It is worth noting that these principles were put into use in various factories across the world. Their application usually had a positive effect by enhancing their productivity by three or more times. Taylor had a strong believe that scientific management would enhance the efficiency in the industries which would then lead to increased wages, production of low cost products and thus improved standards of living for the employees and their families. However, his ideas did not go well with the trade unions which were on the rise during those times to fight for the rights of the factory workers. Due to this, its influence was lowered until the end of the First World War whe n it picked up. According to Shenhav (1999, p.68), engineers in the Ford industry were able to standardize their job routines being guided by the principles of scientific management. They were able to increase their production and the Ford gained recognition all over the US for its production of quality motor vehicles. Taylors scientific management had a big influence to the development present day management theories. His ideas influenced two fields of management which are the human resource management sector and the accounting departments within an organization. He contributed to cost accounting procedures in the manufacturing industries. While working at Simonds Company he formulated a system of accounting for the company. Later on he perfected his methods coming up with a standardized costing technique for railroad systems. His ideas formed a foundation for development of techniques for budget control in any organization so as to ensure a free flow of cash for production costs and for payment of wages and salaries. This ensured an improved management in these industries. The second and third principles of the scientific management as discussed above influenced development of human resource management. Other scholars followed these principles to come up with various aspects of human resource lik e managing by objectives by Drucker which can be traced to the Taylors application of the differential piece rate systems to ensure workers efficiency (Shenhav, 1999, p.34). Taylor receives attribute even to the teaching and development of management courses. He lectured on management at Harvard, therefore shaping the minds of future business owners and managers who apply his teachings up to the present day world. Criticisms of scientific management Despite scientific management improving production even up to three times, it also had its own setbacks. It was accused to have led to monotony of worker lead to workers being bored at many times. The concepts also perceived man as a machine that achieved maximum satisfaction through monetary rewards (Locke, 1982, p.35). His rate cutting ideas could as well be utilized by cruel managers to mistreat their employees without many benefits to them. There was an up rise against scientific management by workers leading to strikes. As a result, parts of it like the use of stop watches by the managers to time their workers were banned. Scientific management and its influence on modern day business practices Taylor was of the view that employees needed to be supervised at all times to ensure that they fully performed their tasks and productivity of the factories went on the rise. His critics however disapproved the idea of taking the workers to be like machines without psychological feelings. The disapproved the idea that human ambitions are highly motivated by the rewards they receive in form of wages. To prove their point, the critics developed what is termed as organizational behavior that was meant to counter the ideas of Taylor. This took place in the 1930s after experiments were carried out to determine what really influenced the workers morale and their efficiency in production. The Hawthorne experiments proved otherwise from what Taylor had postulated. In one specific case, a study was conducted to find out what increased the productivity of workers in the Hawthorne Works factory (Locke, 1982, p.70). It was noted that an increase in lighting in the workshops was able to have an i ncrease in productivity as workers did their work in well lit areas. The negative had been hypothesized to be true but unfortunately it was not. This left questions unanswered on what really caused the increase in productivity. Left with no other options, the experimenters had to seek technical aid from Harvard University where various professionals turned up. The group consisted of sociologists, psychologists who were headed by the famous clinical psychologist Mayo Elton and anthropologists. These specialists were able to conclude that what led to the increase in production was due to the presence of supervisors throughout the period the studies were being carried out. This observation became to be known as the Hawthorne effect and it was significant to human relations in work places and led to improvement of the study of organizational behavior (Wren, 2005, p.279). Various other studies have been carried out after Hawthorne experiments to try and discover the real factor behind human motivation. In other experiments, McGregor postulated a theory commonly referred to as Theory X and Theory Y to distinguish between the factors influencing human motivation. According to Theory X, the workers got their motiva tion from rewards in terms of money that they received after the job they had done while Theory Y observed that men gets their motivations from an inward desire to attain self fulfillment in any task that they are accorded. Unlike Taylors scientific management, this theory was able to acknowledge the ability of people to have an inner drive that enhanced their capacity to do work rather than just focusing on what they received as wages and salaries. Thus the social perspectives of a person started gaining recognition in workplaces in order to enhance productivity (Wren, 2005, p.267). The managers of the factories started considering the social welfare of their workers while in work stations and eventually relations strengthened in the factories. This brought about team spirit and reliance on one another to attain a common objective. Several welfare organizations that were involved in fighting for the rights of the workers were formed and which are still there in the 21st century world. Taylor with his scientific management therefore laid a foundation around which various other studies have been conducted to improve the situation of the workers in their work places while at the same time ensuring that pr oductivity is maintained to ensure success of organizations and businesses. Organizational management has gained recognition in todays world and managers are professionals with skilled knowledge in the process of management. Major CEOs in different organizations must have attained a certain higher level of knowledge and have experience in management. Taylors scientific management formed a foundation for operations research which is present today in various organizations. Both operations research and scientific management aims at increasing efficiency in the workers operations through the application of scientific means and systematic analysis so as to come up with a valid conclusion. According to Gass (2005, p.19), the proposers of scientific management like Taylor himself, Gilbreth and Gantt were the founders of the process of operations research. In fact, some of the techniques they applied in their studies to provide efficiency are still in use even up to date. For example, Gantt in his studies used a chart that involved planning time and tasks to be performed so as to achieve maximum productivity. It came to be known as the Gantt chart and it is still in use today especially in the project management areas. Despite operations research gaining growth as a branch on its own, it incorporates Taylors principles in its application . It continues to apply scientific methods with an aim of improving efficiency which is attributed to Taylors scientific management. Taylors scientific management gained recognition in the US and around the world. His book The Principles of Scientific Management was a hit and a success and was sold the world over. His principles were put into test by many managers in their factories so as to increase efficiency. His book was translated to different languages and his influence was now felt outside the US. The Japanese led by Takuo Godo utilized some of Taylors principles to test the productivity of Japanese workers during the Osaka Efficiency Exhibition. Takuo was able to point out that the workers in Britain were 5.3 times more productive than those in Japan while the American worker was seven times more that of the Japanese worker. In their pursuit for increased efficiency, the Japanese had to apply some of Taylors principles (Wren, 2005, p.289). Taylors work went as far to influence the Toyota production system which ensured that quality products were produced while at the same time increasing the efficiency of their workers. The application of scientific management enhanced Toyotas production system leading to their success. These principles were incorporated with novel ideas as time went by to furnish them so as to reap their full benefits. The success of Toyota is seen even today due to their high exports of their automobiles to various countries all over the world. In the 21st century, most of the activities that occur in work places base their foundation to Taylors scientific management. The cars we are driving, the hospitals we get medication from and even in the food eateries that we frequently visit have in one way or another been influenced by the principles postulated by Taylor. Their functioning has been streamlined into enhanced efficiency through these principles. Scientific management brought a revolution to management systems which have them evolved with time to accommodate new ideas and other changing variables in the workplaces. Work places have become areas of specializations where only those with specific skills and experiences can perform a certain task. Given such facts, division of labor is a common feature in todays society and this has served to improve on innovative ideas and effective production (Wren, 2005, p.293). Competition has gone on the rise for the few job opportunities that are available unlike previously when the labor force was sometimes lacking. As a result workers have continued increasing their knowledge into in order to retain their positions or even be promoted to higher posts. Companies have learnt to apply scientific methods in solving any problem that they may be facing rather than by use of a rule of thumb. For instance, it has become a common venture for companies to conduct market surveys before and during a release of a new product in the market. Once a company intends to release a product to the market, it ventures into the anticipated market to find their views and opinions on the said product. The opinions are analyzed scientifically and viable conclusions are derived. The conclusions are then incorporated into their strategic objectives and planning is taken to take into considerations the conclusions. This has served to increase the efficiency of production and improving the companys profits. A failure in the management to conduct such surveys or to embrace the reflected opinions would lead to either customer dissatisfaction or production of low quality products. When this happens, customers will shy away from the products hence sales will be minimal and thus the profits. With the current competition in the market in this 21st century such a company will be edged out of the race for customers and will definitely fall out of the market and close down. This clearly illustrates that although Taylors principles were postulated over a century ago, their effects are still being felt in the running of day to day activities of various institutions. In present days industrial processes, Taylors principles also come to play an important role. Taylor had studied the appropriate scientific designs for the tasks that the workers were performing so as to ensure they never were over worked nor were they underworked to unproductive levels. In addition, Taylor proposed that the workers should be selected scientifically according to a persons skills so as to perform those tasks that the workers are in a position biologically to perform and handle well. The workers who best adopted to their positions and worked with high efficiency were rewarded with high wages in order to motivate them to repeat the same actions (Gass, 2005, p.21). Presently, this principle has continued to be used in nearly all organizations. As a result, they have established a human resource department that is tasked with the process of recruitment. The department first announces any vacant position in their institutions through the various media and invites qualified persons to tender for the positions. The recruits are then taken through a thorough recruitment process that involves vetting their skills and abilities as may be illustrated by the experiences they have. This process can be equated to the scientific selection of workers that were proposed by Taylor and his followers. Finally, the best man for the job takes it thus securing employment in the said company. Taylor in determining the payment to be given to the workers in wages and work incentives proposed a piece-rate system. This was to award any worker more wage if they increased production outputs and also produced quality products. A very similar situation is applied presently where even in civil service the amount of payment depends on the years of experience in service and also on the skills and knowledge that you process which clearly distinguishes you from the rest. Thus the higher the experience and level of education the higher the salaries will be. Secondly, in todays institutions the human resource department has established a complex reward system that compensates the workers for their improved output in production. The various reward system used today are like fully paid holidays for employees, pay rises for good performing workers , scholarships to pursue high education, paid leaves among a variety of others. This has ensured increased competition between departments in an organization to raise their production levels so as to enjoy the enticing rewards. Psychologically, human behavior can be reinforced through positive reinforcements and vice versa. The human resource managers are thus able to utilize this to positively reinforce the behavior of ensuring increase in production in their organizations through the rewards. The application of these ideas has led to improved production within the work places as the workers are motivated to perform their duties to perfection. This has led to production of quality products into t he market that reaches the thresholds of customer satisfaction. It is also important to note of the Fordism theory which bases its concepts on the scientific management. It was employed in mass production and incorporated the concepts of a moving assembly line with the ideas of Taylors of piece rate system and division of labor (Gass, 2005, p.30). This theory proposed for a distinction between the skilled processes of production and the unskilled ones. This theory was instrumental in shaping the industrial process of mass production of various commodities which require line production like motor vehicles. However, this theory also contained several anomalies as contained by the scientific management like not allowing the workers to give their views and also according more importance to the machines than the human beings who are operating them. This theory however, rewards the workers with high wages for their increased production. This theory also accords the employers with total ownership and control to the work force and therefore could be used to harass the work force. Scientific management as presented by Taylor offered a chance for scientific training and education of all the workers with an intention of increasing their on hand skills and basic understanding of their working environment. He conducted researches to ensure maximum potential of the workers were utilized in performing their tasks. In modern times, this has continued taking place in various institutions. It has become increasing necessary for continued education due to the changing patterns and trends in the production industries (Gass, 2005, p.34). There is improvement in technology like the use of computers in performing tasks that were initially performed manually. Some of the machines that were once used in the processes of production and other tasks in the organizations have become redundant thus necessitating the use of a different and more complex machine. For example, not long ago were typewriters a common feature in offices for production of written materials. Currently, it is quite hard to notice any typewriter in use in any office across the country. This is due to rise in computer usage which have rendered them redundant. If the office worker had no relevant knowledge of computer usage, he/she will be forced to take classes in order to learn how to use the same machine. The same thing is happening in big production companies where large machines are acquired that have different usage and thus necessitating the workers handling it to undergo a further training. After noticing this tendency, the human resource departments have been tasked with ensuring their workers undergo on job trainings to increase their knowledge and remain relevant in the market. Several companies offer free scholarships to their deserving employees to pursue higher education after which they are promoted in their duties to higher positions. Other types of training are conducted like inviting a consultant who will facilitate the process of learning in formal seminar s and meetings. Whichever type the human resource decides is beneficial to their company the aim is to increase the workers scientific knowledge and education. The scientific management propagates for the idea of division of labor equally among the workers and their managers. This would ensure that there is mutual cooperation between the workers and managers and each is relying on the other for accomplishment of certain duties in their organization (Taylor, 1911, p.13). This builds formal and official relations with respect which ensures that the tasks given to each worker is performed and in good time. A team spirit is cultivated within these organizations and they are able to work together as one to achieve common objectives. In modern world, this principle has been expounded and applied resulting into increased performance and enhanced efficiency in doing work. The social aspects of a human being are catered for like the need to effectively communicate ones feelings about a certain procedure in any institution. Management has changed to democratic type where various views of each individual are incorporated into the institutions planning . The institutions frequently hold meetings where each and everyone is given a chance to air their views concerning anything that may be affecting them or even to commend a certain process being used by their organization. This has served well to increase communication in the organizations. Communication is an important process to any organization. It serves to pass important messages from managers down the organizational hierarchy up to the subordinates. Communication as a process serves to hold the organization together. It builds team work across the various departments in an organization and leads to attainment of strategic objectives and hence meeting their mission and vision. It is therefore important to have improved communication for an organization ion order to reap maximum benefits from the employees. Effective communication in an organization boosts employees morale and increases their productivity (Busch, 1980, p.98). Communication which was once referred to as a soft skill in business enterprises has turned to have impacts for the business which are hard and with dire consequences. Failure to establish effective communication will lead to dissatisfaction among employees leading to high employee turnover in the organization, there is a rise in the number of employees who dont report to work as expected due to low morale, the customers will feel dissatisfied due to receiving of poor services from the dissatisfied employees and this will lead to low quality products being produced which are not up to the standards required in the market. In addition it will lead to lack of innovations in the business which is harmful to development. Conclusion In conclusion, Taylors scientific management has served to shape the behaviors witnessed in todays organizations. However, various improvements to Taylors principles have been done by various other scholars. For example, Henry Fayol was able to integrate the social aspects of workers in to the principles. For the success of any organization, effective leadership is critical. It is for this reasons that effective managers are sought for by many institutions in order to succeed and pull through the high competition that have been witnessed in the present world. How well a leader is able to influence the team that he/she is leading will either lead to the success or to the failure of the organizations. In order for a leader to be able to lead, he/she must gain and apply power in order to see that work is performed to the given standards. They work at reinforcing their own organizational positions while at the same time striving to achieve the broad and strategic objectives of their orga nizations. Modernization and formations of workers union has served to shape the scientific principles as proposed by Taylor. With this in mind it is worth to note that Taylors scientific management principles although proposed over a century ago are being felt even in the modern day practices in institutions.

Psychological Profiling In Criminal Investigation Criminology Essay

Psychological Profiling In Criminal Investigation Criminology Essay The human being is intertwined with emotions and thoughts which is manifested in the form of behaviour. He judges the situation in a contextual frame of mind. Therefore every individual will have a unique way to respond to the situation. As a human tendency every individual has an intention to know as to what does other person thinks of him and vice- versa. When we meet one person, based on the reference to situation and context we try to form an opinion of the individual. Profiling is delving interference upon the available information, witness and evidences. Profiling is done by each and every individual and in each and every situation but with different perspective. Profiling is a technique which is used in our everyday life. Profiling is an advanced investigative tool while its effectiveness is still under a lot of scientific scrutiny. An Indian would shake his head from left to right in an affirmative gesture or expression, while a Caucasian by doing so would indicate a denial gesture or expression; while an owl in the Middle East is looked upon as a bad omen, while in the west it symbolizes wisdom, and so onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It is accepted that the evolution of human racial and physical features generate from their inherited behaviour due to a specific environment and way of adaptation. Lets take for instance an African negroid thick lips evolved due to an adapting process to help preserve moisture, an aborigine of Australia or Papua New Guinea developed thick eye browse to protect his eyes from sun rays, a Bedouin desert folk did so with a larger or longer nose to help him breath better in desert climate, and women living in hot and humid terrains tend to have a larger buttocks to preserve body fat etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Profiling for the law enforcement and criminal justice systems invoves psychological assessment of the offender. The assessment contains socio-demographic information viz. age, gender, marital status, education, occupation and the social and psychological attributes of the offender. It is one of the important technique through which a forensic expert can help the investigator to find the root cause of the crime. The forensic expert through his psychological acumen examines the crime scene, police record, statements of witness, medical records and corroborates them with the subjects psychological test findings and other procedure (such as ANS and DNS based procedures) to prepare a forensic profile. The definition of profiling is : Profiling is a method of identifying the perpetrator of a crime based on an analysis of the nature of the offense and the manner in which it was committed. Various aspects of the criminals personality makeup are determined from his or her choice of actions before, during, and after the crime. This information is combined with other pertinent details and physical evidence, and then compared with the characteristics of known personality types and mental abnormalities to develop a practical working description of the offender. -FBIs Howard Teten (who has been called the grandfather of profiling) It provides specific information about the offender to the investigating agency regarding the crime and his involvement in the crime. In early days although profiling was done informally; with the invasion of different test and techniques, profiling has become more scientific and precise. Profiling goes back in history to the middle ages, and Scotland Yard took it a step further, while Sherlock Holmes character made it even more popular, then there is the CSI series of late filling the rest of the empty cup of the thirsty TV shows viewers. Freudian theory of profiling: Freuds psychoanalysis has emphasized on the humans basic instinct: sex and aggression and how does it influence an individuals mental state. Freud has also doctrine faulty upbringing of the child leads to mental illness / neurotic personality. Research studies says that the children who have unhealthy childhood are more prone to crime. Dr. Thomas Bond, a police surgeon was invited by the investigating agencies to study the case of the killer,Jack- The Ripper, who had claimed to kill five prostitutes in Whitechapel, London 1888. He applied the Freudian principles to the given case. Based on the limited information and evidence, Thomas Bond believed that the offender must be of physical strength, great coolness and daring. The offender was a middle aged, inoffensive and quiet man. He must be neatly and respectably dressed. The offender must be in habit of wearing cloak or overcoat or he could hardly have escaped notice in the streets if the blood on his hands or clothes are visible. Th is attempt of profiling made a noteworthy contribution in the field of forensic science. Thereafter, John Douglas has done 12 pages of profiling of this case but it has not resulted into identification of the criminal. The profiling done by John Douglas was based on available medical reports, crime scene photographs and police investigative reports, which probably does not give the detail evidences compared to todays investigative style. ( Mailonline, Sadie, white locks, 20/4/2011) This effort placed profiling on the center stage of investigation. Walter Langer, an American psychoanalyst did the profiling of Hitler on the request of Gen. William J.Donovan. Walter has not personally interviewed Hitler but he had interviewed the associates of Hitler and Investigating agencies. He analysis inferred that Hitlers personality was an evidence of mixed and divided psyche. He said that the Hitler was probably a neurotic psychopath bordering on schizophrenia in to two at the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) divided Hitlers profiling into five general sections:- How the Hitler viewed himself How German people viewed him Hos his associates viewed him Psychoanalysis and reconstruction His likely future behavior Langers profile indicated that mostly Hitler will commit suicide. Being Psychiatrist, Dr. James Brussel, heavily relied upon the psychoanalytical theory. Prior to this case, Dr. Brussel during his army service has cured many patients . He was given the case wherein the bomber was placing the series of explosive packages. Within 16 years he had planted bombs in main cinemas and telephone boxes. On the basis of the letter written to Con Edison (the electricity company in New York) he profiled the offender as unmarried, foreign, self educated, in his 50s, living in Connecticut, paranoid. Based on this profiling, the police was able to arrest George Metesky in January 1957, a foreign born Roman Catholic. Late Brussel was asked to do profiling of the case of 13 sexual homicides between 1962 to 1964., to which he opined that all the 13 crimes are done by one offender. After several months; Albert DeSalvo was arrested who later confessed about the crime, although it was not proved. Brussel applied his Freudian analysis on the case and he portrayed the pic ture of the probable culprit. The Profile Profile Basis of profiling Bomber is a male With few exceptions, bombers have been always male Letter mentioning Con Edison The bomber had a grudge against Con Edison and was likely a former employee Bomber was a textbook paranoid. The bomber believed that Con Edison and the public at large conspired against him. Bomber was middle-aged probably around 50 Paranoia generally peaks around age 35 and the bomber had been active for 16 years. Paranoids tend to set high standards for themselves so as not open themselves to unwanted criticism. Bomber was neat, meticulous and skilled at his work ,carefully constructed bombs, neat lettering, careful planning of the bombs indicated his neatness Foreign or spent the majority of his time with foreign people Bomber wrote in stilted, formal language bereft of any contemporary slang. He utilized phrases like dastardly deeds that sounded as if out of Victorian fiction The bomber had at least a high school education but probably no college. The stilted language of the letters and skilled construction of the bombs spoke of self-education. The excellent handwriting indicated at least some formal schooling. The bomber was a Slav and probably Roman Catholic Culturally speaking, Eastern and Central Europeans most often employ bombs as weapons. Most Slavs are Catholic. The bomber lived in Connecticut The letters had been mailed from Westchester Country (a location in between Connecticut and New York) and Connecticut was home to large communities of Eastern and Central Europeans. The bomber suffered from an Oedipal Complex The phallic construction of the bombs; the strange (and breast-like) Ws in the bombers otherwise perfect handwriting and the strange slashing and penetration of the movie theatres seats. IP ( Interpersonal) Approach to Profiling: Prof. David Canter, psychologist, London, UK was invited by Scotland Yard to solve the case of Railway Rapist. According to David Canter, the offender was of late twenties, small stature, reserved, married but no children and lives in the small down of Northwest London, which matched. Based on his profiling, the police was able to nab John Duffy in 1988. He was found guilty. Although David has observed that the investigating agencies are often reluctant to change and opt for newer techniques to catch the criminals. He has extensively used IP methodology for profiling. According to him, psychology has a direct relationship with crime, as it is perceived as interpersonal transaction between the criminals action, social context and personality trait. He has postulated five approaches for profiling. Interpersonal Coherence: A criminal chooses his victim based on his special characteristics. For eg: there is some anecdotal evidence that serial killers only attack those of the same ethnicity as themselves in United states (Canter, 1989). The profiler will be able to establish the relationship between the victim and the offender and the probable conversation at the time of the crime. Significance of time and place: The offender generally picks up the victim from the place which is more familiar to him. He would possibly select the victim from his nearby location as he will feel completely in control of the environment and the victim. Criminal Characteristics: By observing and analysing the crime scene, the offender will be able to give the picture about the characteristics of the offender namely, his physical qualities,his appearance, his apparel, mental make up, mood and psychopathology, if any. Douglas Olshaker (1995) have stated that We set about to organise and classify serious crimes by their behavioural characteristics and explain them like mentioned in Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM) of Psychiatry. The serial offenders will tend to operate within an area where they feel comfortable (e.g., close to their own homes) and has many similarities to the independently developed field of geographical profiling (Holmes Holmes, 1996). Criminal Career: The offender although cautious of his move in the next crime, his particular style of killing will not be different. The peculiarity of committing the crime will vary from offender although not always the type of crime. Although he might do more refined crime but his methodology of crime will not have bigger change. His style of killing will help in trapping the offender. Forensic awareness: Often the serial killer is aware of clearing the evidence from the place of the offence. The rapist is much likely to clean the undergarments of the victim or force her to comb her pubic hair so that the evidence is not available. This type of steps clearly gives an indication of the offender being aware of the police/ forensic investigation. Vi-CAP (Violent Criminal Apprehension Program): Robert Ressler served in US Army and thereafter joined FBI, Behavioural Science Unit (BSU) in 1970 and retired in 1990. In his span of twenty years he has given his significant contribution in psychological profiling of violent offenders. He has drawn the psychological profiles of violent offenders who typically select victims at random, such as rapist and serial killer. He has interviewed 36 serial killers to study the background and motive of serial killer. He has set up Vi-CAP (Violent Criminal Apprehension Program) which collects the data base of the suspects of unsolved crimes. He has written books on Serial murder like I have lived in the Monster: Inside the mind of the worlds most notorious serial killer, Crime Classification Manual: A Standard System for Investigating and Classifying Violent Crime,. He has done psychological profiling of Jeffery Dahmer and Richard Chase. Robert Ressler et.al (1988) has given six steps for profiling: Profiling Inputs: The physical documents like investigation documents, crime scene details, photographs, autopsy report, post mortem report are studied as a part of the first step toward profiling. These are the basic and preliminary requirements to sketch the criminal. Decision Process Model: In this stage, the offenders intention, motive, risk factor of the victim/ offender is assessed and evaluated. The offender has done planning or it is just a spree killing. How much time the offender has taken to commit the crime as well as the offenders selection for committing a crime says a lot about the criminal. The analysis will also give the clue whether the crime was homicide or not. Profiling process: This is the heart of the profiling. The profiler steps into the shoes of the victim as well as the offender and thereby reconstructs the crime scene. It determines whether the crime was an organised or disorganised. By reconstructing, the overall impression about the crime i.e how did the offender behaved, what could have happened between the victim and offender, how the victim was selected and so on. Common characteristics like type of wound, position of the body observed at the crime scene helps in determining the type of offender Criminal Profile: Depending upon the inputs available , the profiler based on his experience and knowledge constructs the profile. Profiler will include the general appearance, probable age, gender, religion, interpersonal history, his relation with the victim, socio-economic background, educational and occupational history, his motive behind selection of the victim and his reason for the M.O used for the crime. The profiler also proposes the strategies to catch the offender and also the interrogation methods. Investigation: Based on the submission of the profile given, the investigating agency starts to look out for the criminal. In due course of investigation, if officer finds more information, he forwards to the profiler for a more relevant data. The profiling is said to be successful only when the criminal is caught and confesses about the crime. Apprehension: When the criminal is caught is the profile and profiling process are evaluated so that a more acumen profile in other crimes. John Douglas worked in FBI from 1970 to 1995. He started his career as sniper and then became hostage negotiator. He taught hostage negotiation and applied criminal psychology at FBI academy. He has extensively worked with the most notable violent criminals and sex offenders. His skill was to examine their habits and thereby predict their moves. He has been instrumental in identifying famously known The Green Killer. He gave some of the most interesting insight about the motive, mind and operation of the killer. He has done high profile cases like Case of Jon Bonet, Ramsay murder, The West Mermphis three. He has Mindhunter: Inside the FBIs Elite Serial Crime Unit and more.. Roy Hazelwood is the pioneer in profiling of sexual predators. He joined FBI in 1971. He has done lot of sex crime cases related to sexual sadist, their victims and their mode of offence. According to his theory, there is no cure for pedophilia or sexual sadist. Presently, he is consultant to FBI agents and law enforcement agencies to trap the sexually oriented murderers. He felt fantasy is a fascinating area which is extremely relevant and gives better understanding about offender.His first case Harvay Glatman the Lonely Heart Killer inspired him to work in the area of profiling. Thereafter, he was worked on Gerard John Screefar who was involved in autoerotic practices and had done 29 murders. In 1980, Roy and John Douglas wrote an article which distinguished crime in two broad categories i.e Organised and Disorganised crime. CSA (Crime Scene Approach): Earlier FBI was the agency who has used psychological profiling in investigation and has gained popularity. The renowned profiler like John Douglas and Robert Ressesler also wrote several books on profiling and their professional experience in the field of investigation. According to Holmes Holmes (1996) provided Crime Scene Approach (CSA) which was broadly based on crime scene and crime. IT focused more on the physical evidence available at the place of the offence and its relation to the crime. The two types of offenders involved in the crime are The disorganised asocial offender The organised Nonsocial offender The Disorganised offender: The disorganized offender is depicted as someone who is below average intelligence, manifesting some kind of psychiatric illness, not having the capacity to maintain interpersonal relationship apart from his immediate family members, sexually incompetent. He would act more impulsive and usually act with whatever available weapon and thereby leave it at the crime scene. He will be more authoritative with the victim. He overpowers victim is killed with brutality (FBI, blitz attack, Douglas Olshaker, 1995) The offender dehumanize the victim and sexually assaulted, mutilatied the face, genitals and breast is commonly observed. The dead body is left at the crime scene rather than disposing anywhere else. (Holmes Holmes 1996, Ressler, Burgess Douglas 1988, Ressler Shachtman, 1992) While the organized offender although well educated but is under achiever and failure in occupational life. He is socially well settled, will probably have family life but oftenly manifest antsocial or psychopathic personality. The crime scene will depict the ability to depict the ability to organize and execute the plan. The offender often has his own weapon and carries with him after committing the crime. The victim targeted is mostly female who is raped by threat/restraints. The killing performance is done as per the offenders fantasies, usually in slow, painful manner. The body of the victim is carefully disposed off. Inductive and Deductive Profiling Brent Turvey has done his grauduation in Forensic psychology and has given his contribution in the area of forensic science, criminal profiling, victimology and crime reconstruction. He is a court qualified profiler. He has given the theory of Inductive and Deductive profiling and Behavioural Evidence Analysis Inductive Profiling: It assesses and evaluates the similar characteristics of the crime committed by different criminal. It studies the common personality trait of the criminals involved in a similar kind of crime. The inductive profiling is based on the theoretical and experiemental study of the criminal behavior. It identifies the signs and symptoms of criminal behavior and puts together as a comprehensive profile. The inductive profile is the product of statistical or comparative analysis and results in education generalization, hence the use of the term of inductive.( Criminal profiling: An introduction to Behaviural Evidence Analysis, Brent Turvey,2006, pg 26). The characteristics of the criminal is reasoned, correlated and thereby statistical inferred. The profile focus on the psychological trait, the modus operandi, victimology and other crime scene characteristics which an evenly seen in the crime. The inductive profiling does not need specialized forensic knowledge, education or training in the study of criminal behavior. Thus profiling is based upon the information delved from past history, media and sometimes from the criminals. It does need the formal knowledge of psychology, sociology, criminology and psychiatry. Inductive profiling is effective only and only when there is some similarities between the crime. Deductive Profiling: The knowledge and application of psychology, sociology, criminology and psychiatry plays a vital role in deductive profiling. The profiler has to construct the mental picture based on the crime scene and the available physical evidence, as physical evidence also sometimes the gives the clue for non-physical evidence. (love, hate, jealousy..) The deductive profiling is process oriented wherein the investigator will review the crime scene, analytical thinking and logistics to come to behavior analysis evidence. (BEA) More emphasis is given on the study and analysis of post mortem report, forensic report and victomology. This profiling is time consuming because it has to look at the various factors in one particular crime and thereby give profile of a criminal and the mentality/ psycho pathology of the unknown killer. It analysis the behavior manifested at the time of the crime, the physical and behavioural evidence pattern related to the crime. Compared to inductive, deductive profiling is time consuming as it evaluates the unknown criminal from different angles, although the combination of inductive and deductive profiling will give an accurate profile of the criminal. The deductive criminal profile includes the following : .( Criminal profiling: An introduction to Behaviural Evidence Analysis, Brent Turvey,2006, pg 41). Behavioural Evidence Analysis (BEA) Equivocal Forensic Analysis: It includes detail understanding of crime scene, post-mortem report, interview with accused/witness/ victim/suspects and other related in the crime, and the background of the victim Victomology: It studies as to why a particular victim is chosen for the crime, how was he related to the crime and when did the crime happened. A lot of it depend upon the selection of victim by the offender. Crimes Scene characteristics : The scene of offence implies about the relation between the offender and the victim. It gives the clue whether any interaction took place, what were the circumstances under which the crime has occurred Offender Characteristics: What was the personality of the offender. It determines the offenddrss physical characteristics and marital status at the time of committing a crime. It helps in deciding the personality traits like physical built-up. Geographical Profiling: This technique is given by Criminologist; Kim Rossno, which evaluates the location of connected serial crimes to determine the most probable area of offenders residence. It is most effective when a series of crime is committed. It determines the most likely location of a criminals residence based upon the geographic location of crime sites by mapping crime and analyzing patterns at crime scene. Geographical profiling is generally useful in the serial crimes (Murder, rape, arson, bombing), predatory crime (child abduction, sexual homicide) and Multiple location crimes (credit card usage, property crimes) Geographical profiling is based on RAT (Routine Activity Theory) which studies what makes criminal motivated to do a crime at a particular place. It addresses the geographical importance at the time of committing a crime. RAT is based upon three components: 1) Motivated offender 2) Suitable victim and 3) the absence of capable guardian. Canter (2003) used Dragnet a computerized system which gives the probability of the location of crime where the criminal is likely to commit the crime. Canter and Larkin (1993) gave circle theory of enviornmetal range which states that the criminals are likely to live in the vicinity of the victim as the victim is easily and quickly approachable. A circle is drawn that encompasses all the linked crime which will establish the criminals location. Rossomo (2000) suggested that the criminals are often in the neighborhood of the victim. According to a study (2005) Snook et al, in 63% of the cases the killer lived within the radius of 6 miles from the plac e of offence. It further found that the young offenders tend to travel less while the people with higher I.Qs travelled farther. Limitation: Profiling although an impressive investigative tool has not resulted any criminal in an actual arrest (V. Gerberth, personal communication, Feb 6, 1995) It does not solve the crime but it provides better understanding of the case. Profiling requires understanding of human behavior, background of extensive criminal investigative experience together with proper academic and forensic training. It is important to know that not all the crimes are suitable for profiling. Crimes which needs psychological, social, cultural and psychopathological assessment are appropriate for profiling viz. serial killer, serial rapist, serial arsons, child molestation (Hazelwood Burgess, 1995) Cases involving destruction of property, assault/ murder during the robbery are generally not suitable for profiling. Drug induced crime does not reveal the true personality of the criminal, hence the profiling is not suitable. Conclusion: Though profiling is considered as an ineffective tool for drawing conclusions, it has been used in every field. It is an effort to evaluate and understand the human behavior on different occasions and in given situations. When we review the literature on profiling, the ineffective tool of profiling has been used time and again all over the world in different situations and efforts are made to draw conclusions. Over a period of time, it has evolved as an art when blend with scientific principles can prove to be an effective tool for investigating and understanding human behavior on different occasions. Here the author has made an attempt to review the literature with reference to crime investigation. Acknowledgments: We are grateful for the support and guidance of Dr.J.M.Vyas, Director General, Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar .